įusco D, Forastiere F, Michelozzi P, Spadea T, Ostro B, Arca M, Perucci CA (2001) Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory conditions in Rome, Italy. įuertes E, MacIntyre E, Agius R, Beelen R, Brunekreef B, Bucci S, Cesaroni G, Cirach M, Cyrys J, Forastiere F, Gehring U, Gruzieva O, Hoffmann B, Jedynska A, Keuken M, Klümper C, Kooter I, Korek M, Krämer U, Mölter A, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Pershagen G, Porta D, Postma DS, Simpson A, Smit HA, Sugiri D, Sunyer J, Wang M, Heinrich J (2014) Associations between particulate matter elements and early-life pneumonia in seven birth cohorts: results from the ESCAPE and TRANSPHORM projects. Įccles R (2002) An explanation for the seasonality of acute upper respiratory tract viral infections. ĭuan Z, Han X, Bai ZN, Yuan YD (2016) Fine particulate air pollution and hospitalization for pneumonia: a case-crossover study in Shijiazhuang, China. ĭominici F, Peng RD, Bell ML, Pham L, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM (2006) Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. ĭominici F, McDermott A, Zeger SL, Samet JM (2002) On the use of generalized additive models in time-series studies of air pollution and health. ĭarrow LA, Klein M, Flanders WD, Mulholland JA, Tolbert PE, Strickland MJ (2014) Air pollution and acute respiratory infections among children 0–4 years of age: an 18-year time-series study. Ĭlark JE, Hammal D, Hampton F, Spencer D, Parker L (2007) Epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia in children seen in hospital. īureau NMS (2015) Ningbo Statistical Bulletin for National Economic and Social Development 2015 (in Chinese). īecklake MR, Kauffmann F (1999) Gender differences in airway behaviour over the human life span. Stronger associations were observed in the cold seasons and among children under 5 years.īarnett AG, Williams GM, Schwartz J, Neller AH, Best TL, Petroeschevsky AL, Simpson RW (2005) Air pollution and child respiratory health-a case-crossover study in Australia and new Zealand. We used a generalized additive Poisson regression model to calculate risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the associations of air pollutants and hospital visits for pneumonia in children and found that these four pollutants were associated with the increased hospital visits for pneumonia in children (1.3% for PM2.5, 1.0% for PM10, 2.9% for NO 2, 5.0% for SO 2 per 10-μg/m 3 increase in PM2.5, PM10, NO 2, and SO 2, respectively). To explore whether high concentrations of air pollutants (including PM 2.5, PM 10, NO 2, and SO 2) are related to hospital visits for pneumonia in children, we conducted a population-based time-series study in Ningbo, China, from January 1st, 2014 to November 1st, 2015. Although the effect of air pollution on respiratory health has been identified, few studies can be available to evaluate the association of air pollution with hospital visits for children’s pneumonia in China.
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